Enhanced review on dynamic real-time digital simulation analysis of renewable energy integration using state space model

Abstract

The modernization of electric power grids, driven by communication and electronic hardware advances alongside increasing renewable energy integration, introduces challenges like voltage fluctuations, weakened protection, and transient instability. High renewable penetration can trigger reverse power flow and voltage rise, complicating system control. Real-time digital simulations offer a non-destructive approach to analyze and optimize power system behavior under diverse conditions. Using platforms like Simulink Real-Time and RT-LAB with OPAL-RT, detailed studies of protection relays, circuit breakers, and control algorithms are efficiently conducted. This paper reviews real-time digital simulation techniques for renewable-integrated power systems, emphasizing state-space modeling for capturing system dynamics. Recent developments in predictive and event-based control strategies to enhance microgrid stability and operational efficiency are examined. Simulations of a three-bus system with transient analysis and event-based predictive control for energy management are discussed, demonstrating how real-time simulation platforms support renewable energy integration while maintaining grid stability.